Ibach, H.
Surface free energy and surface stress
Physics of Covered Solid Surfaces, Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology 42, (A2),pp 4.4-1 - 4.4-49 (Ed.) Bonzel, H.,Springer-Verlag, Berlin und Heidelberg, Germany 2002
4.4 Surface free energy and surface stress (D. SANDER, H. IBACH) ....................4.4 -1
4.4.1 Introduction.....................................................................4.4 -1
4.4.2 Experimental determination of surface free energy................................4.4 -2
4.4.2.1 Cleavage experiments ............................................................4.4 -3
4.4.2.2 Pendant drop and drop weight method .............................................4.4 -4
4.4.2.3 Zero creep experiments...........................................................4.4 -5
4.4.2.4 Orientation dependence of the surface free energy ...............................4.4 -6
4.4.2.5 Empirical relation between surface free energy and other quantities .............4.4 -8
4.4.3 Experimental determination of the absolute value of the surface stress...........4.4 -8
4.4.3.1 Lattice parameter of small particles ............................................4.4 -8
4.4.3.2 Surface phonons as indicator of surface stress ..................................4.4 -9
4.4.3.3 Absolute surface stress from the bending of thin crystal plates .................4.4 -9
4.4.4 Experimental determination of changes of surface stress due to adsorption .......4.4 -10
4.4.5 Calculations of surface free energy and surface stress ..........................4.4 -13
4.4.5.1 Inert gas crystals ..............................................................4.4 -14
4.4.5.2 Ionic crystals...................................................................4.4 -14
4.4.5.3 III-V compounds .................................................................4.4 -15
4.4.5.4 Group IV materials...............................................................4.4 -15
4.4.5.5 Metals ..........................................................................4.4 -16
4.4.5.6 Calculated adsorbate-induced surface stress .....................................4.4 -16
4.4.6 Data ............................................................................4.4 -18
4.4.7 Clean surfaces ..................................................................4.4 -19
4.4.7.1 Surface free energy from cleavage experiments....................................4.4 -19
4.4.7.2 Surface free energy of metals near the melting point ............................4.4 -19
4.4.7.3 Temperature dependence of the surface free energy............................ ...4.4 -21
4.4.7.3.1 Temperature dependence of the anisotropy of the surface free energy ...........4.4 -22
4.4.7.4 Calculated surface free energy and surface stress for inert gas crystals ........4.4 -22
4.4.7.5 Calculated surface free energies and surface stress for alkali halides...........4.4 -23
4.4.7.6 Calculated surface free energy and surface stress of III-V compounds ............4.4 -23
4.4.7.7 Calculated surface free energy and surface stress for Si and Ge .................4.4 -24
4.4.7.8 Calculated adsorbate-induced changes of stress on semiconductor surfaces ........4.4 -25
4.4.7.9 Calculated surface free energies of metals ......................................4.4 -26
4.4.7.10 Calculated surface stress.......................................................4.4 -32
4.4.7.11 Calculated adsorbate induced surface stress on Pt(111) .........................4.4 -34
4.4.8 Adsorbate-induced changes of surface free energy.................................4.4 -34
4.4.9 Adsorbate-induced changes of surface stress .....................................4.4 -36
4.4.9.1 Gas adsorption ..................................................................4.4 -36
4.4.9.2 Alkali metal deposition .........................................................4.4 -40
4.4.9.3 Semiconductor and metal deposition ..............................................4.4 -40
References for 4.4.......................................................................4.4 -44